Из справочной страницы dpkg:
-V, --verify [package-name...]
Verifies the integrity of package-name or all packages if
omitted, by comparing information from the files installed by
a package with the files metadata information stored in the
dpkg database (since dpkg 1.17.2). The origin of the files
metadata information in the database is the binary packages
themselves. That metadata gets collected at package unpack
time during the installation process.
Currently the only functional check performed is an md5sum
verification of the file contents against the stored value in
the files database. It will only get checked if the database
contains the file md5sum. To check for any missing metadata in
the database, the --audit command can be used.
The output format is selectable with the --verify-format
option, which by default uses the rpm format, but that might
change in the future, and as such, programs parsing this
command output should be explicit about the format they
expect.
A "?" означает, что проверка не может быть выполнена, скорее всего, из-за отсутствия поддержки или прав доступа к файлам. «C» означает, что проверка выполняется в файле конфигурации.