Что делает «sudo apt-get dist-upgrade»? [дубликат]

См. man apt-get:

 dist-upgrade
           dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also intelligently handles changing
           dependencies with new versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will
           attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary. The
           dist-upgrade command may therefore remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file contains a list of
           locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism for
           overriding the general settings for individual packages.

Для приобретения знаний о командах прочитайте их страницу руководства (короткая "страница справочника") использование эти man команда.

, Например, изучить приблизительно apt-get, введите эту команду:

man apt-get

руководство будет также содержать описание dist-upgrade аргумент:

   dist-upgrade
       dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade,
       also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions
       of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and
       it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the
       expense of less important ones if necessary. The dist-upgrade
       command may therefore remove some packages. The
       /etc/apt/sources.list file contains a list of locations from which
       to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5) for
       a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual
       packages.

Для выхода из ручного средства просмотра снова просто нажмите Q .

Эти sudo необходим, потому что для команды нужны полномочия пользователя root для выполнения необходимых операций в масштабе всей системы.