[+1134] TL;. ДР [+1134] Краткий ответ на вопрос - это проблема зависимостей. Поэтому вы не можете удалить этот пакет.

Анализ

Более длинный вариант состоит в том, чтобы оценить анализ, чтобы определить причину, по которой был установлен libboost-filesystem1.58.0, какие пакеты зависят от него и можем ли мы безопасно удалить его.

Почему libboost-filesystem1.58.0 и libboost-system1.58.0 были установлены

Чтобы ответить на первый ( почему ) вопрос, мы можем использовать Aptitude с его командой why.

На моем полностью обновленном Ubuntu MATE 16.04 LTS я получаю следующий вывод

$ aptitude why libboost-filesystem1.58.0
i   libmircommon5 Depends libboost-filesystem1.58.0

последний libmircommon5 был установлен из-за LightDM:

$ aptitude why libmircommon5
i   lightdm Recommends unity-greeter | lightdm-greeter | lightdm-kde-greeter                     

Системная библиотека -

$ aptitude why libboost-system1.58.0
i   libmirclient9 Depends libboost-system1.58.0

В Ubuntu 16.04 LTS с Unity по умолчанию ситуация еще хуже:

[ 113]

Какие пакеты зависят от libboost-filesystem1.58.0

Чтобы ответить на второй (, какие зависимости ), мы можем использовать rdepend из apt-cache, чтобы получить список обратных зависимостей (это означает, что был установлен libboost-filesystem1.58.0)

$ apt-cache rdepends libboost-filesystem1.58.0
libboost-filesystem1.58.0
Reverse Depends:
  mir-utils
  mir-test-tools
  libboost-log1.58.0
  libboost-filesystem1.58-dev
  juju-mongodb3.2
  libmircommon7
  vcmi
  openmw-launcher
  openmw-cs
  openmw
  ycmd
  witty-examples
  wesnoth-1.12-server
  wesnoth-1.12-core
  undertaker
  uhd-host
  ubuntu-location-service-tests
  ubuntu-location-service-bin
  tomahawk
  tmfs
  thumbnailer-service
  synfig
  supercollider-supernova
  supercollider-language
  sslsniff
  ssh-agent-filter
  springlobby
  spring
  sitplus
  sfftobmp
  rviz
  rsbackup
  rlvm
  python3-woo
  python-yade
  python-woo
  python-ledger
  python-fife
  pulseview
  progressivemauve
  pokerth-server
  pokerth
  plee-the-bear
  performous-tools
  performous
  pcl-tools
  orthanc
  openscad-testing
  openscad
  ncmpcpp
  murasaki-mpi
  murasaki
  mupen64plus-video-glide64mk2
  mtp-server
  mrs
  mongodb-server
  mongodb-clients
  mkvtoolnix-gui
  mkvtoolnix
  mira-assembler
  mir-test-tools
  mia-tools
  lightspark-common
  libzeep3.0v5
  libyade
  libwt38
  libvolk1-bin
  liburdf0d
  libunity-scopes1.0
  libunity-scopes-cli
  libuhd003
  libtrust-store2
  libthumbnailer-qt1.0
  libsdformat4
  librviz0d
  librospack0d
  libroscpp0d
  librosbag0d
  librime1
  libqpidcommon2
  libpwiz3
  libpwiz-tools
  libpion-plugins
  libpion-net-plugins
  libpion-net-dev
  libpion-dev
  libpion-common-4.0
  libpion-5.0
  libpcl-visualization1.7
  libpcl-outofcore1.7
  libpcl-io1.7
  libpam-barada
  libosl1v5
  libopenimageio1.6
  libodil0
  libnodeletlib0d
  libmia-2.2-4
  libmems-1.6-1v5
  libmapnik3.0
  liblucene++0v5
  libimage-transport0d
  libgnuradio-wavelet3.7.9
  libgnuradio-runtime3.7.9
  libgnuradio-fft3.7.9
  libgnuradio-fec3.7.9
  libgazebo7
  libflightcrew0v5
  libcollada-urdf0d
  libcollada-dom2.4-dp0
  libcnoid1
  libcamera-calibration-parsers0d
  libboost-log1.58.0
  libboost-filesystem1.58-dev
  libasl0
  libaqsis1
  lgogdownloader
  ledger
  laserboy
  kcollectd
  juju-mongodb3.2
  juju-mongodb2.6
  juju-mongodb
  innoextract
  image-transport-tools
  hugin-tools
  hhvm
  gpsshogi
  gource
  gnss-sdr
  gdf-tools
  gazebo7-plugin-base
  gazebo7
  freeorion
  freelan
  esys-particle
  enfuse
  enblend
  dchroot-dsa
  dchroot
  dbus-cpp-bin
  darkradiant-plugins-darkmod
  darkradiant
  colobot
  ckon
  choreonoid-plugins-base
  cclive
  btag
  bombono-dvd
  blender
  bear-factory
  aqsis
  aegisub
  0ad
  libdbus-cpp5
  schroot
  libmircommon5

$ apt-cache rdepends libboost-system1.58.0
libboost-system1.58.0
Reverse Depends:
  mir-utils
  mir-test-tools
  mir-demos
  libboost-wave1.58.0
  libboost-system1.58-dev
  libboost-log1.58.0
  libboost-locale1.58.0
  libboost-chrono1.58.0
  juju-mongodb3.2
  ceph-test
  ceph-mds
  rbd-nbd
  rbd-mirror
  rbd-fuse
  radosgw
  mir-platform-graphics-mesa-x12
  mir-platform-graphics-mesa-kms12
  librgw2
  librbd1
  libradosstriper1
  librados2
  librados-dev
  libmirserver43
  libmirplatform15
  libmircommon7
  libmirclient9
  libcephfs1
  libcephfs-jni
  libboost-thread1.58.0
  libboost-random1.58.0
  libboost-filesystem1.58.0
  ceph-fuse
  ceph-common
  ceph
  vcmi
  openmw-launcher
  openmw-cs
  openmw
  frogatto
  ycmd
  witty-examples
  wesnoth-1.12-server
  wesnoth-1.12-core
  voxbo
  vera++
  vdr-plugin-fritzbox
  unity-system-compositor
  undertaker
  uhd-host
  ubuntu-location-service-tests
  ubuntu-location-service-bin
  tophat
  tomahawk
  tmfs
  thumbnailer-service
  tf2-tools
  tf-tools
  synfig
  supercollider-supernova
  supercollider-language
  sslsniff
  ssh-agent-filter
  springlobby
  spring
  soundscaperenderer-nox
  soundscaperenderer
  solarpowerlog
  snapper
  sitplus
  sinfo
  sfftobmp
  sdrangelove
  rviz
  rsbackup
  rlvm
  qutecom
  qbittorrent-nox
  qbittorrent
  python3-woo
  python3-libtorrent-dbg
  python3-libtorrent
  python-yade
  python-woo
  python-tf2
  python-tf
  python-rosbag
  python-rdkit
  python-libtorrent-dbg
  python-libtorrent
  python-libavg
  python-ledger
  python-fife
  pulseview
  progressivemauve
  prepair
  povray
  pokerth-server
  pokerth
  poedit
  pluginlib-dev
  plee-the-bear
  performous-tools
  performous
  pcl-tools
  osm2pgsql
  orthanc
  openscad-testing
  openscad
  openimageio-tools
  ogre-1.9-tools
  ncmpcpp
  murasaki-mpi
  murasaki
  mupen64plus-video-glide64mk2
  mtp-server
  mrs
  mpikmeans-tools
  mongodb-server
  mongodb-clients
  molds
  mkvtoolnix-gui
  mkvtoolnix
  mira-assembler
  mir-test-tools
  mir-platform-graphics-mesa-x8
  mir-platform-graphics-mesa-kms8
  mia-viewit
  mia-tools
  media-hub
  lightspark-common
  libzeep3.0v5
  libyade
  libwttest8
  libwthttp38
  libwtfcgi38
  libwtext38
  libwtdbo38
  libwt38
  libvolk1-bin
  liburdf0d
  libunity-scopes1.0
  libunity-scopes-cli
  libuhd003
  libubuntu-location-service3
  libubuntu-download-manager-client1
  libtrust-store2
  libtorrent-rasterbar8
  libtomahawk
  libthumbnailer-qt1.0
  libtf2-ros0d
  libtf2-0d
  libtf0d
  libsnapper2v5
  libsfcgal1
  libsdformat4
  librviz0d
  librostime0d
  librospack0d
  libroslib0d
  libroscpp0d
  librosconsole0d
  librosbag0d
  librime1
  librime-bin
  librdkit1
  librandom-numbers0d
  libpwiz3
  libpwiz-tools
  libpion-plugins
  libpion-net-plugins
  libpion-net-dev
  libpion-net-4.0
  libpion-dev
  libpion-common-4.0
  libpion-5.0
  libphonenumber7
  libpcl-visualization1.7
  libpcl-outofcore1.7
  libpcl-io1.7
  libpcl-common1.7
  libpcl-apps1.7
  libpam-barada
  libosl1v5
  liborigin2-1v5
  libopenvdb3.1
  libopenvdb-tools
  libopenimageio1.6
  libopencv-apps0d
  libompl10
  libogre-1.9.0v5
  libodil0
  libnodeletlib0d
  libnodeletlib-tools
  libnet-cpp2
  libmygui.ogreplatform0debian1v5
  libmia-2.2-4
  libmems-1.6-1v5
  libmapnik3.0
  liblucene++0v5
  liblucene++-contrib0v5
  liblaser-geometry0d
  libkolabxml1v5
  libinteractive-markers0d
  libimage-transport0d
  libicinga2
  libgnuradio-zeromq3.7.9
  libgnuradio-wxgui3.7.9
  libgnuradio-wavelet3.7.9
  libgnuradio-vocoder3.7.9
  libgnuradio-video-sdl3.7.9
  libgnuradio-uhd3.7.9
  libgnuradio-trellis3.7.9
  libgnuradio-runtime3.7.9
  libgnuradio-rds3.7.0
  libgnuradio-qtgui3.7.9
  libgnuradio-pmt3.7.9
  libgnuradio-pager3.7.9
  libgnuradio-osmosdr0.1.4
  libgnuradio-noaa3.7.9
  libgnuradio-iqbalance0
  libgnuradio-hpsdr0
  libgnuradio-fosphor3.7.0
  libgnuradio-filter3.7.9
  libgnuradio-fft3.7.9
  libgnuradio-fec3.7.9
  libgnuradio-fcdproplus0
  libgnuradio-fcd3.7.9
  libgnuradio-dtv3.7.9
  libgnuradio-digital3.7.9
  libgnuradio-comedi3.7.9
  libgnuradio-channels3.7.9
  libgnuradio-blocks3.7.9
  libgnuradio-audio3.7.9
  libgnuradio-atsc3.7.9
  libgnuradio-analog3.7.9
  libgazebo7
  libflightcrew0v5
  libfield3d1.6
  libfcl0
  libeiskaltdcpp2.2
  libdynamic-reconfigure-config-init-mutex0d
  libdavix0v5
  libcpprest2.8
  libcppnetlib0
  libcollada-urdf0d
  libcollada-parser0d
  libcollada-dom2.4-dp0
  libcnoid1
  libclass-loader0d
  libcgal-ipelets
  libcegui-mk2-0.8.4
  libcamera-info-manager0d
  libcamera-calibration-parsers0d
  libboost-wave1.58.0
  libboost-system1.58-dev
  libboost-log1.58.0
  libboost-locale1.58.0
  libboost-chrono1.58.0
  libbondcpp0d
  libasl0
  libaqsis1
  libair-modes0v5
  libadolc2
  libactionlib0d
  lgogdownloader
  ledger
  laserboy
  krita
  kicad
  kcollectd
  juju-mongodb3.2
  juju-mongodb2.6
  juju-mongodb
  innoextract
  image-transport-tools
  icinga2-studio
  icinga2-ido-pgsql
  icinga2-ido-mysql
  icinga2-bin
  hugin-tools
  hhvm
  guitarix
  gr-rds
  gr-osmosdr
  gr-iqbal
  gr-hpsdr
  gr-fosphor
  gr-fcdproplus
  gr-air-modes
  gqrx-sdr
  gpsshogi
  gource
  gnuradio
  gnss-sdr
  glob2
  gdf-tools
  gazebo7-plugin-base
  gazebo7
  funguloids
  freeorion
  freelan
  freecad
  flamerobin
  field3d-bin
  esys-particle
  enfuse
  enblend
  eiskaltdcpp-qt-mini
  eiskaltdcpp-qt
  eiskaltdcpp-gtk3
  eiskaltdcpp-gtk
  eiskaltdcpp-daemon
  dssp
  dchroot-dsa
  dchroot
  dbus-cpp-bin
  darkradiant-plugins-darkmod
  darkradiant
  colobot
  ckon
  choreonoid-plugins-base
  ceph-test
  ceph-mds
  cclive
  btfs
  btag
  bombono-dvd
  blender
  bear-factory
  autodock-vina
  aqsis
  anytun
  amule-utils-gui
  amule-utils
  amule-daemon
  amule
  aegisub
  ceph
  schroot
  rbd-nbd
  rbd-mirror
  rbd-fuse
  radosgw
  librgw2
  librbd1
  libradosstriper1
  librados2
  librados-dev
  liborcus-0.10-0v5
  libmirserver38
  libmirplatform11
  libmircommon5
  libmirclient9
  libixion-0.10-0v5
  libdbus-cpp5
  libcephfs1
  libcephfs-jni
  libboost-thread1.58.0
  libboost-random1.58.0
  libboost-filesystem1.58.0
  ceph-fuse
  ceph-common

Могу ли я удалить libboost-filesystem1.58.0 и использовать систему как раньше?

Так можно ли это убрать? Давайте запустим симуляцию его удаления в системе с помощью MATE:

$ apt-get remove --simulate libboost-filesystem1.58.0
NOTE: This is only a simulation!
      apt-get needs root privileges for real execution.
      Keep also in mind that locking is deactivated,
      so don't depend on the relevance to the real current situation!
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  freepats libcapnp-0.5.3 libde265-0 libfluidsynth1 libgtkglext1 libmimic0 libmircore1 libmjpegutils-2.1-0 libmms0 libmpeg2encpp-2.1-0
  libmplex2-2.1-0 libofa0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libopencv-calib3d2.4v5 libopencv-contrib2.4v5 libopencv-features2d2.4v5 libopencv-flann2.4v5
  libopencv-highgui2.4v5 libopencv-legacy2.4v5 libopencv-ml2.4v5 libopencv-objdetect2.4v5 libopencv-video2.4v5 libsoundtouch1 libspandsp2 libsrtp0
  libvo-aacenc0 libvo-amrwbenc0 libwebpdemux1 libwildmidi-config libwildmidi1 libxfont2 libzbar0
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  a11y-profile-manager-indicator account-plugin-facebook account-plugin-flickr account-plugin-google adwaita-icon-theme apport-gtk apturl atril
  bamfdaemon blueman brasero brasero-cdrkit caja cheese compiz compiz-gnome compiz-mate dconf-editor deja-dup deja-dup-backend-cloudfiles
  deja-dup-backend-gvfs deja-dup-backend-s3 deja-dup-caja firefox folder-color-caja galculator gcr gdebi gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1 gir1.2-gtk-3.0
  gir1.2-peas-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-vte-2.91 gir1.2-webkit-3.0 gir1.2-webkit2-4.0 gir1.2-wnck-3.0 gnome-disk-utility gnome-icon-theme
  gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-keyring gnome-orca gnome-session-canberra gnome-system-tools gstreamer1.0-clutter-3.0 gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad
  gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad-faad gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad-videoparsers gucharmap gufw gvfs-backends humanity-icon-theme indicator-application
  indicator-application-gtk2 language-selector-gnome libaccount-plugin-1.0-0 libaccount-plugin-generic-oauth libaccount-plugin-google
  libappindicator3-1 libatrilview3 libboost-filesystem1.58.0 libbrasero-media3-1 libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcheese-gtk25
  libcheese8 libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-gst-3.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libcogl-pango20 libcogl-path20 libcogl20 libegl1-mesa libgcr-ui-3-1
  libgnome-desktop-3-12 libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgucharmap-2-90-7 libido3-0.1-0 libindicator3-7
  libkeybinder-3.0-0 libmetacity-private3a libmirclient9 libmircommon5 libmircommon7 libnautilus-extension1a libnm-gtk0 libnma0 libpeas-1.0-0
  libpeas-1.0-0-python3loader libplank1 libqt5gui5 libqt5libqgtk2 libqt5widgets5 libqt5x11extras5 libreoffice-avmedia-backend-gstreamer
  librhythmbox-core9 libtopmenu-client-gtk3-0 libtopmenu-server-gtk3-0 libunity-control-center1 libvte-2.91-0 libwayland-egl1-mesa
  libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 libwnck-3-0 libyelp0 lightdm-gtk-greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter-settings marco
  mate-applet-topmenu mate-applets mate-control-center mate-desktop mate-desktop-environment-core mate-dock-applet mate-gnome-main-menu-applet
  mate-indicator-applet mate-panel mate-screensaver mate-session-manager mate-tweak mate-user-guide network-manager-gnome
  network-manager-pptp-gnome onboard onboard-data pinentry-gnome3 plank python3-aptdaemon.gtk3widgets rhythmbox rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder
  rhythmbox-plugins seahorse sessioninstaller shotwell simple-scan software-properties-gtk synapse system-config-printer-gnome thunderbird
  thunderbird-locale-en thunderbird-locale-en-us tilda topmenu-gtk3 transmission-gtk ubuntu-mate-artwork ubuntu-mate-default-settings
  ubuntu-mate-icon-themes ubuntu-mate-lightdm-theme ubuntu-mate-themes ubuntu-mate-welcome ubuntu-mono ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk unity-asset-pool
  update-manager update-notifier usb-creator-gtk vlc xdg-user-dirs-gtk xorg xserver-xorg-core-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-hwe-16.04
  xserver-xorg-input-all-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-input-evdev-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-input-synaptics-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-input-wacom-hwe-16.04
  xserver-xorg-video-all-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-amdgpu-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-ati-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-fbdev-hwe-16.04
  xserver-xorg-video-intel-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-nouveau-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-qxl-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-radeon-hwe-16.04
  xserver-xorg-video-vesa-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-video-vmware-hwe-16.04 xul-ext-lightning yelp zenity
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 181 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

Вышеуказанное означает, что мы потеряем среду рабочего стола и всю систему X11, если мы удалим пакет libboost-filesystem1.58.0. [тысяча сто тридцать два]

Симуляция для системы на базе Unity заканчивается ошибками из вашего вопроса.