как запустить файл C и различные файлы, связанные с этим (makefile, .h, .c)?

Выполнить apt-cache search -- '-desktop$'. Вы должны увидеть что-то вроде:

[12:18 PM] ~ $ apt-cache search -- '-desktop$'
lsb-desktop - Linux Standard Base 4.0 Desktop support package
ubuntu-desktop - The Ubuntu desktop system
mythbuntu-desktop - The Mythbuntu standalone system
djvulibre-desktop - Desktop support for the DjVu image format
edubuntu-desktop - educational desktop for Ubuntu
gambas3-gb-desktop - Gambas Portland project compatibility component
gosa-desktop - Desktop integration for GOsa²
kde-plasma-desktop - KDE Plasma Desktop and minimal set of applications
kubuntu-desktop - Kubuntu Plasma Desktop/Netbook system
lubuntu-desktop - Lubuntu Desktop environment
matchbox-desktop - desktop application launcher for resource-limited systems
openerp-desktop - OpenERP Enterprise Resource Management - metapackage
plasma-desktop - KDE Plasma workspace for desktop and laptop computers
ubuntu-gnome-desktop - The Ubuntu GNOME Remix desktop system
ubuntustudio-desktop - Ubuntu Studio Desktop Package
xubuntu-desktop - Xubuntu desktop system
[12:18 PM] ~ $