Как определить статус HTTP без загрузки полной страницы?

С помощью wget вам нужно использовать параметр --spider для отправки запроса HEAD, такого как curl:

$ wget -S --spider https://google.com
Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists.
--2017-01-03 00:08:38--  https://google.com/
Resolving google.com (google.com)... 216.58.197.174
Connecting to google.com (google.com)|216.58.197.174|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 
  HTTP/1.1 302 Found
  Cache-Control: private
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
  Location: https://www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=...
  Content-Length: 262
  Date: Mon, 02 Jan 2017 15:08:38 GMT
  Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="35,34"
Location: https://www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=... [following]
Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists.
--2017-01-03 00:08:38--  https://www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=...
Resolving www.google.co.jp (www.google.co.jp)... 210.139.253.109, 210.139.253.93, 210.139.253.123, ...
Connecting to www.google.co.jp (www.google.co.jp)|210.139.253.109|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 
  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Mon, 02 Jan 2017 15:08:38 GMT
  Expires: -1
  Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=Shift_JIS
  P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."
  Server: gws
  X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
  X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
  Set-Cookie: NID=...; expires=Tue, 04-Jul-2017 15:08:38 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.co.jp; HttpOnly
  Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="35,34"
  Transfer-Encoding: chunked
  Accept-Ranges: none
  Vary: Accept-Encoding
Length: unspecified [text/html]
Remote file exists and could contain further links,
but recursion is disabled -- not retrieving.