Ошибка в корневой файловой системе (сокращенный вывод)

Сегодня, когда я запустил свою машину (HP Pavilion с Kubuntu 20.04), сразу же возникла ошибка жесткого диска. Каким-то образом мне удалось обойти это, чтобы получить доступ к Сети, что позволило мне отправить это сообщение. Но что-то явно очень не так, почти наверняка с железом. Что мне делать?

Сразу после загрузки я получаю следующие сообщения:

Ошибка жесткого диска

Пожалуйста, запустите диагностику системы проверки жесткого диска

Жесткий диск 2 (3F2)

F2 Диагностика системы

Излишне говорить, что диагностика HP не дает мне ничего полезного. fsck отказался запускаться, потому что /dev/sda5 (корневая файловая система) была смонтирована.

Запустив с карты памяти, я смог выполнить fsck в корневой файловой системе. Он не показал ошибок, поэтому сообщение «Ошибка жесткого диска» было поддельным — вводящим в заблуждение признаком реальной проблемы. Возможно, что-то в настройках BIOS?

Вот результаты SMART:

root@HP-Pavilion-Laptop-17-ar0xx:/home/pwa/Music# smartctl /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-84-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

ATA device successfully opened

Use 'smartctl -a' (or '-x') to print SMART (and more) information

root@HP-Pavilion-Laptop-17-ar0xx:/home/pwa/Music# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-84-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Seagate Mobile HDD
Device Model:     ST1000LM035-1RK172
Serial Number:    ZDE4473L
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 0a4965514
Firmware Version: RSM7
User Capacity:    1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    5400 rpm
Form Factor:      2.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Mon Oct 18 14:54:09 2021 EDT
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00) Offline data collection activity
                                        was never started.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever 
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:                (    0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x51) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        No Auto Offline data collection support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        No Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        No Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:        (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 163) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x303d) SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   084   064   006    Pre-fail  Always       -       239576664
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0023   099   099   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1297
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   036    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002f   086   060   045    Pre-fail  Always       -       415925788
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   077   077   000    Old_age   Always       -       20304 (202 78 0)
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0033   100   100   097    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1050
183 Runtime_Bad_Block       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
184 End-to-End_Error        0x0033   100   100   097    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
188 Command_Timeout         0x0032   100   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       5
189 High_Fly_Writes         0x003a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022   066   053   040    Old_age   Always       -       34 (Min/Max 29/35)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate      0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       106
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       233
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   098   098   000    Old_age   Always       -       5179
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   034   047   000    Old_age   Always       -       34 (0 16 0 0 0)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
254 Free_Fall_Sensor        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20264         -
# 2  Short offline       Aborted by host               90%     20263         -
# 3  Short offline       Aborted by host               50%     20263         -
# 4  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20260         -
# 5  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20260         -
# 6  Extended offline    Interrupted (host reset)      00%     20260         -
# 7  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20259         -
# 8  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20259         -
# 9  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20259         -
#10  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     20258         -
#11  Short offline       Interrupted (host reset)      00%      2838         -
#12  Short offline       Completed without error       00%       482         -
#13  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         4         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

@heynnema - These voluminous outputs make it hard for me to find the relevant data.    But I can say that **grep -i FPDMA /var/log/syslog** produces no output. Looking at the SMART output I couldn't find the read/seek errors, but I believe you when you say that they're there.

My machine is a 2-year old HP Pavilion laptop, but parts of it, including the BIOS, are probably much older.

@heynnema - I've been trying to use pastebin but I.m caught in validate hell on the Ubuntu One website.  It's so frustrating to be trying to solve Problem A and to be dragged into Problem B.