Принятый ответ детализирует только эстетику по умолчанию, вот то, как получить всех их:

Получают всю Геометрию*, функция

library(tidyverse)
env <- asNamespace("ggplot2")
all_Geoms <- ls(envir = env, pattern = "^Geom.+")
all_Geoms <- mget(all_Geoms, env)

Добирается, вся эстетика

all_aes <- map(all_Geoms, ~.$aesthetics())

# change Geom* to geom_*
names(all_aes) <- 
  names(all_aes) %>%
  substr(5,nchar(.)) %>% 
  tolower() %>% 
  paste0("geom_",.)

# remove if geom_* doesn't exist
all_aes[!names(all_aes) %in% ls(envir = env)] <- NULL
head(all_aes, 3)
#> $geom_abline
#> [1] "slope"     "intercept" "colour"    "size"      "linetype"  "alpha"    
#> [7] "group"    
#> 
#> $geom_area
#> [1] "x"        "y"        "colour"   "fill"     "size"     "linetype"
#> [7] "alpha"    "group"   
#> 
#> $geom_bar
#> [1] "x"        "y"        "colour"   "fill"     "size"     "linetype"
#> [7] "alpha"    "group"   

размечает в длинной таблице

all_aes_long <- all_aes %>%
  enframe("fun","aes") %>%
  unchop(aes)

all_aes_long
#> # A tibble: 325 x 2
#>    fun         aes      
#>    <chr>       <chr>    
#>  1 geom_abline slope    
#>  2 geom_abline intercept
#>  3 geom_abline colour   
#>  4 geom_abline size     
#>  5 geom_abline linetype 
#>  6 geom_abline alpha    
#>  7 geom_abline group    
#>  8 geom_area   x        
#>  9 geom_area   y        
#> 10 geom_area   colour   
#> # ... with 315 more rows

, размечают в широкой таблице

, которую я предлагаю использовать View() для визуализации этого.

all_aes_wide <-
  all_aes_long%>%
  mutate(val = 1) %>%
  spread(aes,val,fill = 0)

all_aes_wide
#> # A tibble: 38 x 38
#>    fun   alpha angle colour family  fill fontface geometry group height
#>    <chr> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>
#>  1 geom~     1     0      1      0     0        0        0     1      0
#>  2 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#>  3 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#>  4 geom~     0     0      0      0     0        0        0     1      0
#>  5 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#>  6 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#>  7 geom~     1     0      1      0     0        0        0     1      0
#>  8 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#>  9 geom~     1     0      1      0     0        0        0     1      0
#> 10 geom~     1     0      1      0     1        0        0     1      0
#> # ... with 28 more rows, and 28 more variables: hjust <dbl>,
#> #   intercept <dbl>, label <dbl>, lineheight <dbl>, linetype <dbl>,
#> #   lower <dbl>, map_id <dbl>, middle <dbl>, radius <dbl>, shape <dbl>,
#> #   size <dbl>, slope <dbl>, stroke <dbl>, subgroup <dbl>, upper <dbl>,
#> #   vjust <dbl>, weight <dbl>, width <dbl>, x <dbl>, xend <dbl>,
#> #   xintercept <dbl>, xmax <dbl>, xmin <dbl>, y <dbl>, yend <dbl>,
#> #   yintercept <dbl>, ymax <dbl>, ymin <dbl>

премия: частота aes

table(all_aes_long$aes)
#> 
#>      alpha      angle     colour     family       fill   fontface 
#>         37          3         36          2         20          2 
#>   geometry      group     height      hjust  intercept      label 
#>          1         38          2          2          1          2 
#> lineheight   linetype      lower     map_id     middle     radius 
#>          2         33          1          1          1          1 
#>      shape       size      slope     stroke   subgroup      upper 
#>          4         35          1          4          2          1 
#>      vjust     weight      width          x       xend xintercept 
#>          2          6          2         30          2          1 
#>       xmax       xmin          y       yend yintercept       ymax 
#>          2          2         27          2          1          8 
#>       ymin 
#>          8